Does full protection count for the maintenance of β‐diversity patterns in marine communities? Evidence from Mediterranean fish assemblages

1. Although it is widely recognized that protection may enhance size, abundance, and diversity of fish, its effect on spatial heterogeneity of fish assemblages and species turnover is still poorly understood.
2. Here the effect of full protection within a Mediterranean marine protected area on β‐diversity patterns of fish assemblages along a depth gradient comparing a no‐take zone with multiple unprotected areas is explored. The no‐take zone showed significantly higher synecological parameters, higher β‐diversity among depths, and lower small‐scale heterogeneity of fish assemblages relative to unprotected areas.
3. Such patterns might likely depend on the high level of fishing pressure outside the no‐take zone, as also abundance‐biomass curves seemed to indicate. Results suggested that full protection could play a role in maintaining high β‐diversity, thus reducing the fragility of marine communities and ecosystems, and spatial heterogeneity may represent a reliable predictor of how management actions could provide insurance against undesirable phase shifts.

     

Nutritional Qualities of the Low-Value Bivalve Mollusks Paphia malabarica and Villorita cyprinoides at the Estuarine Waters of the Southwestern Coast of India

The bivalve mollusks Paphia malabarica and Villorita cyprinoides collected from the estuarine system located in the southwest coastal waters of India were evaluated for their nutritional composition. A balanced essential to nonessential amino acid ratio (> 1.0) with a greater quantity of sulfur-containing amino acids in these species demonstrated that they could provide well-balanced protein depositions. The n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in P. malabarica was found to be greater than 2, and, therefore, can be considered as a healthy diet. The C₂₀–C₂₂ long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (for example, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) accounted for more than 23% of the total fatty acid content in P. malabarica as compared to about 7% in V. cyprinoides. P. malabarica showed greater hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (1.7) and lesser atherogenicity (0.7), thrombogenicity (0.3) indices when contrasted with those in V. cyprinoides, thereby indicating the nutritional superiority of the former. A greater content of vitamin D₃ (> 150 IU), along with significant quantities of calcium and phosphorus (> 500 mg/100 g) in the clams, signified their importance in preventing osteoporosis. This study demonstrated the importance of bivalves, in particular, P. malabarica as a valued species for human consumption.     

基于PSR模型的黄河陕西段鱼类增殖放流生态安全评价

基于压力、状态、响应模型(PSR)和层次分析法(AHP),确定17项指标通过数据的标准化处理,指标权重赋值、权重一致性检验、评价等级确定以及评价模型的构建,用生态安全评价黄河陕西段鱼类增殖放流效果,分析生态安全所面临的主要问题。结果表明:黄河陕西段2013年增殖放流生态安全度(ESI)评价等级为Ⅱ级,为良好状态;2014年评价等级为Ⅲ级,处于一般状态;2015年评价等级为Ⅳ级,处于较差状态,属于临界不安全状态以下水平。生态安全形势呈现出逐年下降局势。不安全状态受到影响较大的前3个指标是:黄河径流量变化影响、重要生境保持率和公众资源环境保护意识的影响,3个指标下降值占到下降ESI值的64.93%。其次还受到污水排放达标率、鱼类增殖放流量、政策和管理水平、鱼类生物多样性指数、保护区建设、水质综合污染指数、群落结构等诸多因素影响。研究显示,现阶段增殖放流对黄河生态安全有一定影响,还存在一定提升空间。     

饲料脂肪水平对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼生长、血液生化指标及抗氧化性能的影响

以鱼油、豆油、亚麻籽油等比例混合,配成脂肪含量分别为5.45%(L1)、7.00%(L2)、10.44%(L3)、14.37%(L4)、16.34%(L5)、18.91%(L6)及20.15%(L7)的等氮饲料,饲喂俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)幼鱼[(6.20±0.02)g]8周。实验结果表明,L3组的终末体质量、增重率最大,但与L2组间无显著差异(P0.05),L3组的蛋白质效率显著高于其它组(P0.05),且饲料系数最低。L6和L7组终末体质量、增重率和蛋白质效率显著低于L2和L3组(P0.05)。将幼鱼的增重率与饲料脂肪水平进行回归分析,得出俄罗斯鲟幼鱼在饲料脂肪水平为10.69%时生长最佳。随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,各组鱼的肝体比和体粗脂肪有上升趋势,其中肝体比在饲料脂肪含量大于14.37%时显著增大(P0.05)。血清中的甘油三酯、胆固醇含量也随脂肪水平升高而显著提高(P0.05),提示脂肪过高会影响俄罗斯鲟幼鱼的生长,降低蛋白质效率,导致脂肪在体内的过量积蓄。L7组鱼血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量最高,而L1组鱼的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量最高。肝脏脂蛋白酯酶活性随饲料脂肪水平的提高而升高,脂肪酸合成酶活性则随脂肪水平升高而降低,提示饲料脂肪水平的提高会促进鱼体脂肪的分解代谢。肝脏丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性均随着饲料脂肪水平的提高显著升高(P0.05),表明脂肪含量过高会导致脂质过氧化,引发机体抗氧化酶活性的升高。综合俄罗斯鲟幼鱼的生长、血液指标及抗氧化性能,建议生产中将幼鱼的饲料脂肪水平控制在7.00%~10.69%。     

Coexisting invasive gobies reveal no evidence for temporal and trophic niche differentiation in the sublittoral habitat of Lake Erhai,China

Niche differentiation facilitates the coexistence of species within a community through avoidance of competition via mechanisms involving spatial, temporal and/or trophic dimensions. Where invasive species coexist in their non‐native range, niche differentiation could allow their persistence at higher levels of abundance. Here, we tested whether there was temporal and/or trophic niche differentiation between two congeneric invasive goby species (Rhinogobius cliffordpopei and Rhinogobius giurinus) in the sublittoral habitat of Lake Erhai (south‐west China) through quantifying their diel and seasonal rhythm of locomotion activities, feeding activities and diet composition. Both species displayed two similar diel peaks in activity and two main feeding periods (6:00–10:00 and 18:00–22:00), with rhythms of locomotion and feeding activity not differing significantly between the species in each season. Their diets had a high degree of overlap, being primarily composed of macrozooplankton, aquatic insects and shrimp larvae, with no diel changes across the seasons. Thus, in this habitat, there was no clear temporal or trophic niche differentiation between the invasive congeners, indicating their coexistence with high temporal and trophic overlap. In conjunction with data from the littoral and profundal habitats, the gobies revealed different strategies across the habitats (e.g. spatial segregation, trophic niche differentiation) that minimised their competitive interactions and promoted their coexistence. This suggests that the interactions of invasive fishes during the integration into native communities can be context dependent, varying according to factors including habitat and the availability of food resources.     

Long‐term habitat loss in a lightly‐disturbed population of the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin,Sousa chinensis

1. Coastal and estuarine waters are important ecosystems with high primary and secondary productivity, but they are prone to the impacts of habitat loss caused by anthropogenic activities. For species exclusively inhabiting coastal and estuarine waters, such as the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis , irreversible habitat loss can have dramatic implications for population viability.
2. A Landsat image database was used to determine the extent of coastal changes along the northern Beibu Gulf, where a large humpback dolphin population is found. The results were compared with the standardized sighting gradient (SPUF) determined from a questionnaire survey of fishermen and likely core habitats identified by application of a global digital elevation model.
3. Both SPUF and likely core habitat results indicated a continuous distribution of the humpback dolphin along the northern Beibu Gulf. Landsat images revealed that 129.6 km² of coastal waters were permanently lost in the past 40 years, 60 km² within the likely core habitats. Although this may be considered small, the impact of such habitat loss could be substantial in some local habitats.
4. The humpback dolphin population in the northern Beibu Gulf should be regarded as one management unit, with two or more social subunits. Immediate systematic surveys are needed to fill information gaps on true distribution range and habitat‐use patterns.
5. Habitat protection actions for dolphins in the northern Beibu Gulf should include both core and linking habitats, including enacting protected areas in core habitats, mitigating anthropogenic impacts in likely habitats, restoring both coastal waters and surrounding landscape quality, effective treatment of industrial sewage discharge, and comprehensive environmental impact assessments for the planning of coastal development projects.

     

森林土壤动物生态功能研究进展

森林土壤动物是森林土壤生态系统中不可分割的重要组成部分，对森林土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动起着重要作用。文中综述了近10年森林土壤动物生态功能的相关研究进展，包括森林土壤动物对土壤理化性质、微生物、植物的影响以及外来土壤动物入侵对土壤生态系统的影响等；展望了我国森林土壤动物的未来研究方向，未来研究应多关注森林土壤动物生态功能的作用机制、森林土壤动物对全球变化的响应、外来土壤动物入侵对森林生态系统的影响、森林土壤动物种类的研究范围以及新技术的应用，以期为我国森林土壤动物生态功能、土壤动物与生态系统、可持续利用土壤动物等领域研究提供科学参考。     

山药不同处理方式的保存效果

运用涂抹草木灰、石蜡及自然干燥、吹风机干燥等方法对山药茎段切口进行处理,研究不同切口处理方式对山药外观及品质的影响;比较不同浓度壳聚糖与15%柠檬酸组合对切片的保鲜影响,进行山药茎段切口处理方法及切片表面处理方法的筛选。结果表明:室温下涂抹草木灰对鲜切山药茎段的贮藏效果最好;4℃条件下,15%柠檬酸+0.5%壳聚糖处理对山药切片的保鲜效果最好。     

外源ABA对低温胁迫下小豆幼苗生理及产量的影响

在盆栽条件下，以耐冷性不同的2个小豆(Vigna angularis）品种龙小豆4号（耐冷型）和天津红（冷敏型）为材料，于苗期在人工气候室进行低温（4℃，持续12 h）及预喷施外源脱落酸（abscisic acid，ABA）处理，旨在研究苗期低温胁迫下外源ABA对小豆叶片逆境生理指标（H₂2O₂2、丙二醛（MDA）、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性物质）和产量因子的调控效应。结果表明：幼苗期低温处理12 h后，龙小豆4号和天津红小豆叶片H₂2O₂2含量分别提高34.82%和27.10%；MDA含量分别提高65.56%和83.79%；SOD和POD活性分别提高6.67%和18.48%、45.53%和102.44%；脯氨酸含量分别提高33.12%和24.41%。低温处理导致龙小豆4号百粒重下降2.58%，与喷施清水相比，低温处理12 h后天津红的单株荚数和百粒重分别下降18.55%和10.61%(P＜0.05）。喷施外源ABA具有抵御低温的作用，外源ABA促进龙小豆4号和天津红叶片脯氨酸含量提高9.13%和19.76%；H₂2O₂2含量降低7.63%和8.36%；MDA含量降低10.18%和20.27%；SOD和POD活性分别提高9.06%和13.57%、8.26%和28.51%，同时百粒重分别提高8.56%和8.92%。低温胁迫下，不同品种小豆的生理应激存在显著差异；喷施外源ABA能够有效缓解低温胁迫对小豆的伤害。     

黑果枸杞茎叶生长及其生态化学计量特征对灌水施肥的响应

在石羊河中游田间条件下,通过灌水和施肥调节黑果枸杞生长。测定不同时期黑果枸杞茎、叶生长量及其化学计量学特征变化,分析器官水平生长速率与化学计量学特征的关系,验证生态化学计量学理论"生长速率假说"。灌水施肥显著促进了茎长、基径和叶片长、宽及叶干重的生长(P<0.05),而茎长、基径、叶面积和叶干重的相对生长速率与对照之间无显著差异。各处理下黑果枸杞新梢C含量及C∶N、C∶P随生育期进程呈增加趋势,而N、P及N∶P呈降低趋势;灌水和施肥处理后茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,茎N、P含量高于对照。各处理叶片C、N、P含量在生育期内呈降低趋势,而C∶N、C∶P及N∶P呈增加趋势;灌水和施肥后叶片C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,叶片N、P含量高于对照。茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P显著高于叶片(P<0.05),而N、P含量及N∶P显著低于叶片(P<0.05)。生长速率假说认为,生物个体的生长速率与体内的N∶P、C∶P具有负相关关系,与N、P含量呈显著的正相关关系。各处理黑果枸杞茎、叶的生长速率与其N、P含量及C∶P、N∶P总体相关性不显著。表明施肥灌水调节下黑果枸杞茎叶生长及化学计量学特征不支持生长速率假说。